複句合句結構
Compound sentense合句，又稱對等子句，沒有主從之分。
Complex sentense複句。可分為名詞子句、形容詞子句(有重複元素)、副詞子句。
名詞子句：
1.主詞－兩個獨立的單句
2.受詞
3.補語－全等關係 (a is b)b為補語，但與a相同。
副詞子句：
1.用於修飾
2.有意義的連接詞，表示邏輯關係
3.從屬於完整的子句
副詞子句的類別：
時地：when、after、until
條件：If、as long as、suppose
原因、結果：as、now that(既然)、so… that、so
目的：so that(為了)、in order that、lest(以免)、in case that(萬一)
讓步：although、while(儘管…不過While the disease is not fatal, it can be very dangerous)、wh-(不論、無論如何no matter…如who、whose、what)
限制：as far as、in that(in the sense that…)
方法、狀態：as、as if
形容詞子句的變化
關係子句(形容詞子句－兩者有重複元素)
(cp.名詞子句和副詞子句的連接詞都是外加的)
1.字有交集
2.改成關係詞(wh-)
3.附於交集點後
代名詞與關係代名詞
he/who、it/which、his/whose、him/whom
副詞與關係副詞
then/when、there/where、so/how、for a reason/why
省略原則：省略後而意義不變且清晰者可省。
that和wh-的比較：若有「指示意味」者，用that(如定義)；反之則不然(如只是補充、說明，或是在括弧中「,,」，則用wh-)。
先行詞的省略與改寫：the thing－what、the man－who…
關係子句位置的判定：看放那個位置意思最清楚──為表達清楚，應儘量靠近先行詞；如果會造成混淆，可嘗認更動句型。
如果有「, ,」(括弧性的逗點)，因為句子已斷，括號中必須要作完整的交待。
如果意思相同，則於省略時二擇一。(When/At a time) he comes, I type
wh*ever的意思：
whoever：no matter who／anyone that
whatever：no matter what／anything that
whichever：no matter which／any ＿＿ that
對等連結詞(and、but、or等)：要求兩邊對等
修辭減化原則：清楚、簡潔
1.省略主詞與be動詞，只留補語，可被視為所有從屬子句減化的通則。
2.S. V. C.──無意義者可省(如be動詞)
3.有助動詞──變不定詞(must、will、may、can ── (be ＿＿) to ＿。
4.沒有助動詞，變成Ving
5.補語為Ven；(Your brother John, who was wounded in war, will be sent home.)──(Your brother John, wounded in war, will be sent home.)
名詞子句的變化
S.V.C.：
1.主詞不能省略時，可改成S.V.O.C.的句型、或用所有格、或加介系詞(I am worried that my son lies all the time──I am worried about my son’s lying all the time.)。
(Ven的詞性是形容詞，需要being)
2.補語為to V時(因含有語氣助動詞)／但介系詞後則要用Ving
3.主詞不能省略時，可以改句型，或是加介系詞(如用for)
4.to V和Ving的比較：若有牽涉到「語氣」，則用to V。
副詞子句
1.Ving──副詞連接詞是否保留，端看省略後，語義仍否清楚與等同。如果因果關係清楚，because、since通常要省略，避免多餘。(Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well go home改成Having nothing to do here,──)。但如果是表示相反，語義有「轉折變化」，不是那麼順理成章，則應保留(as if,although,but…)(Although we have nothing to do here, we can’t leave early.只能省成Although having nothing to do here,──)；或者省略後，必須在另外一句加上表示轉折語氣的副詞，如本句可在第二句加still）
2.(being的運用)As I am a student, I can’t afford to get married.──As a student／being a student,──
3.(兼作介系詞的連結詞)before, after, since + Ving (after等減化後被視為介系詞)
4.時態的問題：have是時態助動詞，而非語氣助動詞。
After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail.
改寫成After writing the letter, ──
也可作Having written the letter,──
5.(主詞的省略)副詞子句的主詞只有在與主要子句相同時，才可省略。
6.「獨立片語」：如果主詞不同，可保留主詞，省略be動詞或連接詞，保留現在分詞或過去分詞的補語。
When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodbye.改成The child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodbyd.
7.(小結)注意事項：主詞不同時的省略，(1)連接詞要連略．(2)後面必須配合分詞補語。
8.(減化為Ven)
After he was shot in the knee, he couldn’t fight.
Being shot in the knee,──
Shot in the knee, ──
8.1是否保持連接詞──視句意而定。如although要保留，或者改用still。
8.2三個特別的連接詞：before、after、since──省略後作介系詞。(Before decoration／Before being decorated, the house was in bad shape.
8.3(having been)Because they had been warned／Having been warned／warned, they proceeded carefully。(因為warned本身有「已經完成」的意思)。
8.4主詞不同，保留主詞：When the coffin had been interred／The coffin (having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.
8.5副詞子句簡化，關係詞要留下來，因其有意義。
(1)如果是before、since要改成because of、as a result of。
(2)或改成介系詞片語。(When she arrived at the party／upon arriving／upon her arrival, she found all the people gone.)
(2.1)when－on、upon：when she complete the project, she was promoted.(Upon her completing──／upon her completion of the project──)
(2.2)although－despite、in spite of
(2.3)if－in case of (If there should be a fire, the sprinker will be started)／(in case of a fire,──)
(2.4)because－with (Because the exam is only a week away, I have no time to waste)／(with the exam only a week away,──)
第二十一章 減化子句練習
1減化子句兩大原則：
1.1對等子句：相對應位置，擇一彈性省略。
1.2從屬子句：留補語。(但若主詞不同，應設法保留)
2.動詞減化通則：
2.1有be動詞省be動詞
2.2有語氣助動詞則改為不定詞
2.3除此之外的動詞一律加上Ving保留下來。
3.小撇步
3.1子句－改所有格
3.2詞類變化：動名詞－名詞
3.3以交集點作連結。
3.4多句(三句以上時)，先找交集點，一步一步慢慢來。
3.5儘量少用「, ,」(插入句)，會使句子的焦點模糊掉。
4.6祈使要接原形動詞(I’d like you + 語氣助動詞 + 原V…)，但簡化時仍變不定詞(I’d like you + toV…)。
第二十二章 倒裝句
1.比較級
1.1從屬子句中的助動詞(do、dose)或be動詞不宜省略。
1.2主詞後面有比較長的修飾語時使用。
1.3例：Girls like cats more than do boys, who as a rule are a cruel lot(男孩常較殘酷)
2.關係子句的倒裝：關係詞必須先向句首移動，造成順序的反常，才有倒裝的可能。例The President is a man. A heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls on him.改成The president is on whom falls a heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not.
3.假設語氣的倒裝：如果有be動詞或助動詞，就可以考慮倒裝。做法是把連接詞(如if)省略掉，把be動詞或助動詞移到主詞前面來取代連接詞的功能。例If I had been there, I could have done something to help改成Had I been there,──。
4.引用句的倒裝Cholera, warns the WHO, is coming back.
5其他相關
5.1突顯重點
5.2 there is/are：There goes the train.(強調goes)
5.3here is/are：Here(地方副詞) is your ticket for the opera.
5.4地方副詞：In Loch Ness dwells a mysterious monster.(強調首尾)
5.5也可加強兩句間的連結：To the west of Taiwan lies Southern China.To the east spreads the expanse of the Pacifit.
6 否定副詞開頭的倒裝(強調否定)
6.1 We don’t have such luck every day改成Not every day do we have such luck.
6.2I will not stop waiting for you until you are married.改成Not until you are married will I stop waiting for you.
6.3Gradually they became close friends(一般的意思)；但Only gradually did they become close friends.(有否定意味，表示not a once或not very fast，強調只有這個方式)
7.Not only,…but also (but和also是可以拆開的)
He not only passed the exam but also socored at the top.
Not only did he pass the exam,but he also socored at the top.
8.其他
8.1 Mary is pretty. So is her sister.
8.2 Long live the king(國王萬歲！)
Compound sentense合句，又稱對等子句，沒有主從之分。
Complex sentense複句。可分為名詞子句、形容詞子句(有重複元素)、副詞子句。
名詞子句：
1.主詞－兩個獨立的單句
2.受詞
3.補語－全等關係 (a is b)b為補語，但與a相同。
副詞子句：
1.用於修飾
2.有意義的連接詞，表示邏輯關係
3.從屬於完整的子句
副詞子句的類別：
時地：when、after、until
條件：If、as long as、suppose
原因、結果：as、now that(既然)、so… that、so
目的：so that(為了)、in order that、lest(以免)、in case that(萬一)
讓步：although、while(儘管…不過While the disease is not fatal, it can be very dangerous)、wh-(不論、無論如何no matter…如who、whose、what)
限制：as far as、in that(in the sense that…)
方法、狀態：as、as if
形容詞子句的變化
關係子句(形容詞子句－兩者有重複元素)
(cp.名詞子句和副詞子句的連接詞都是外加的)
1.字有交集
2.改成關係詞(wh-)
3.附於交集點後
代名詞與關係代名詞
he/who、it/which、his/whose、him/whom
副詞與關係副詞
then/when、there/where、so/how、for a reason/why
省略原則：省略後而意義不變且清晰者可省。
that和wh-的比較：若有「指示意味」者，用that(如定義)；反之則不然(如只是補充、說明，或是在括弧中「,,」，則用wh-)。
先行詞的省略與改寫：the thing－what、the man－who…
關係子句位置的判定：看放那個位置意思最清楚──為表達清楚，應儘量靠近先行詞；如果會造成混淆，可嘗認更動句型。
如果有「, ,」(括弧性的逗點)，因為句子已斷，括號中必須要作完整的交待。
如果意思相同，則於省略時二擇一。(When/At a time) he comes, I type
wh*ever的意思：
whoever：no matter who／anyone that
whatever：no matter what／anything that
whichever：no matter which／any ＿＿ that
對等連結詞(and、but、or等)：要求兩邊對等
修辭減化原則：清楚、簡潔
1.省略主詞與be動詞，只留補語，可被視為所有從屬子句減化的通則。
2.S. V. C.──無意義者可省(如be動詞)
3.有助動詞──變不定詞(must、will、may、can ── (be ＿＿) to ＿。
4.沒有助動詞，變成Ving
5.補語為Ven；(Your brother John, who was wounded in war, will be sent home.)──(Your brother John, wounded in war, will be sent home.)
名詞子句的變化
S.V.C.：
1.主詞不能省略時，可改成S.V.O.C.的句型、或用所有格、或加介系詞(I am worried that my son lies all the time──I am worried about my son’s lying all the time.)。
(Ven的詞性是形容詞，需要being)
2.補語為to V時(因含有語氣助動詞)／但介系詞後則要用Ving
3.主詞不能省略時，可以改句型，或是加介系詞(如用for)
4.to V和Ving的比較：若有牽涉到「語氣」，則用to V。
副詞子句
1.Ving──副詞連接詞是否保留，端看省略後，語義仍否清楚與等同。如果因果關係清楚，because、since通常要省略，避免多餘。(Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well go home改成Having nothing to do here,──)。但如果是表示相反，語義有「轉折變化」，不是那麼順理成章，則應保留(as if,although,but…)(Although we have nothing to do here, we can’t leave early.只能省成Although having nothing to do here,──)；或者省略後，必須在另外一句加上表示轉折語氣的副詞，如本句可在第二句加still）
2.(being的運用)As I am a student, I can’t afford to get married.──As a student／being a student,──
3.(兼作介系詞的連結詞)before, after, since + Ving (after等減化後被視為介系詞)
4.時態的問題：have是時態助動詞，而非語氣助動詞。
After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail.
改寫成After writing the letter, ──
也可作Having written the letter,──
5.(主詞的省略)副詞子句的主詞只有在與主要子句相同時，才可省略。
6.「獨立片語」：如果主詞不同，可保留主詞，省略be動詞或連接詞，保留現在分詞或過去分詞的補語。
When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodbye.改成The child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodbyd.
7.(小結)注意事項：主詞不同時的省略，(1)連接詞要連略．(2)後面必須配合分詞補語。
8.(減化為Ven)
After he was shot in the knee, he couldn’t fight.
Being shot in the knee,──
Shot in the knee, ──
8.1是否保持連接詞──視句意而定。如although要保留，或者改用still。
8.2三個特別的連接詞：before、after、since──省略後作介系詞。(Before decoration／Before being decorated, the house was in bad shape.
8.3(having been)Because they had been warned／Having been warned／warned, they proceeded carefully。(因為warned本身有「已經完成」的意思)。
8.4主詞不同，保留主詞：When the coffin had been interred／The coffin (having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.
8.5副詞子句簡化，關係詞要留下來，因其有意義。
(1)如果是before、since要改成because of、as a result of。
(2)或改成介系詞片語。(When she arrived at the party／upon arriving／upon her arrival, she found all the people gone.)
(2.1)when－on、upon：when she complete the project, she was promoted.(Upon her completing──／upon her completion of the project──)
(2.2)although－despite、in spite of
(2.3)if－in case of (If there should be a fire, the sprinker will be started)／(in case of a fire,──)
(2.4)because－with (Because the exam is only a week away, I have no time to waste)／(with the exam only a week away,──)
第二十一章 減化子句練習
1減化子句兩大原則：
1.1對等子句：相對應位置，擇一彈性省略。
1.2從屬子句：留補語。(但若主詞不同，應設法保留)
2.動詞減化通則：
2.1有be動詞省be動詞
2.2有語氣助動詞則改為不定詞
2.3除此之外的動詞一律加上Ving保留下來。
3.小撇步
3.1子句－改所有格
3.2詞類變化：動名詞－名詞
3.3以交集點作連結。
3.4多句(三句以上時)，先找交集點，一步一步慢慢來。
3.5儘量少用「, ,」(插入句)，會使句子的焦點模糊掉。
4.6祈使要接原形動詞(I’d like you + 語氣助動詞 + 原V…)，但簡化時仍變不定詞(I’d like you + toV…)。
第二十二章 倒裝句
1.比較級
1.1從屬子句中的助動詞(do、dose)或be動詞不宜省略。
1.2主詞後面有比較長的修飾語時使用。
1.3例：Girls like cats more than do boys, who as a rule are a cruel lot(男孩常較殘酷)
2.關係子句的倒裝：關係詞必須先向句首移動，造成順序的反常，才有倒裝的可能。例The President is a man. A heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls on him.改成The president is on whom falls a heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not.
3.假設語氣的倒裝：如果有be動詞或助動詞，就可以考慮倒裝。做法是把連接詞(如if)省略掉，把be動詞或助動詞移到主詞前面來取代連接詞的功能。例If I had been there, I could have done something to help改成Had I been there,──。
4.引用句的倒裝Cholera, warns the WHO, is coming back.
5其他相關
5.1突顯重點
5.2 there is/are：There goes the train.(強調goes)
5.3here is/are：Here(地方副詞) is your ticket for the opera.
5.4地方副詞：In Loch Ness dwells a mysterious monster.(強調首尾)
5.5也可加強兩句間的連結：To the west of Taiwan lies Southern China.To the east spreads the expanse of the Pacifit.
6 否定副詞開頭的倒裝(強調否定)
6.1 We don’t have such luck every day改成Not every day do we have such luck.
6.2I will not stop waiting for you until you are married.改成Not until you are married will I stop waiting for you.
6.3Gradually they became close friends(一般的意思)；但Only gradually did they become close friends.(有否定意味，表示not a once或not very fast，強調只有這個方式)
7.Not only,…but also (but和also是可以拆開的)
He not only passed the exam but also socored at the top.
Not only did he pass the exam,but he also socored at the top.
8.其他
8.1 Mary is pretty. So is her sister.
8.2 Long live the king(國王萬歲！)
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